|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2013 | Volume
: 5
| Issue : 2 | Page : 140-144 |
|
Vaginal birth after cesarean section
Vidyadhar B Bangal1, Purushottam A Giri2, Kunaal K Shinde1, Satyajit P Gavhane1
1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rural Medical College and Pravara Rural Hospital of Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, (Deemed University) Loni, Maharashtra, India
2 Department of Community Medicine (PSM), Rural Medical College and Pravara Rural Hospital of Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, (Deemed University) Loni, Maharashtra, India
| Date of Web Publication | 21-Feb-2013 |
Correspondence Address:
Vidyadhar B Bangal
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rural Medical College of Pravara Institute of Medical, Sciences (Deemed University), Loni, Maharashtra
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.107537
Background: The rate of primary cesarean section (CS) is on the rise. More and more women report with a history of a previous CS. A trial of vaginal delivery can save these women from the risk of repeat CS. Aims: The study was conducted to assess the safety and success rate of vaginal birth after CS (VBAC) in selected cases of one previous lower segment CS (LSCS). Materials and Methods: The prospective observational study was carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of two years. One hundred pregnant women with a history of one previous LSCS were enrolled in the study. Results: In the present study, 85% cases had a successful VBAC and 15% underwent a repeat emergency LSCS for failed trial of vaginal delivery. Cervical dilatation of more than 3 cm at the time of admission was a significant factor in favor of a successful VBAC. Birth weight of more than 3,000 g was associated with a lower success rate of VBAC. The incidence of scar dehiscence was 2% in the present study. There was no maternal or neonatal mortality. Conclusion: Trial of VBAC in selected cases has great importance in the present era of the rising rate of primary CS especially in rural areas. Keywords: Lower segment cesarean section, Rural India, Scar dehiscence, Trial of labor, Vaginal birth after cesarean section
How to cite this article:
Bangal VB, Giri PA, Shinde KK, Gavhane SP. Vaginal birth after cesarean section. North Am J Med Sci 2013;5:140-4 |
| Introduction | |  |
Vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC) is one of the strategies developed to control the rising rate of cesarean sections (CSs). It is a trial of vaginal delivery in selected cases of a previous CS in a well-equipped hospital. [1] In 1916, Cragin popularized the dictum, "once a caesarean section, always a caesarean section". [2] That was the era of the classical CS. In the present era of lower segment caesarean section (LSCS), cesarean-related morbidity and mortality are significantly reduced. The dictum now is "once a caesarean section, always an institutional delivery in a well-equipped hospital". The reasons which led to the reversal of the old dictum are based upon the newer concepts of the assessment of scar integrity, fetal well-being, and improved facilities of emergency CS. [3]
Nevertheless, a previous CS does cast a shadow over the outcome of future pregnancies. [4] With present techniques and skill, the incidence of cesarean scar rupture in subsequent pregnancies is very low. The strength of the uterine scar and its capacity to withstand the stress of subsequent pregnancy and labor cannot be completely assessed or guaranteed in advance. These cases require the assessment and supervision of a senior obstetrician during labor. [5] Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the success and safety of VBAC in selected cases of one previous LSCS and to evaluate the maternal and fetal outcome in these cases.
| Materials and Methods | | |
This prospective observational study was carried out at a tertiary care teaching hospital located in a rural area of central India from January 2010 to December 2011. This hospital gets referrals of high-risk cases from neighbouring villages and townships. About 6,000 deliveries take place annually in the hospital with the rate of CS ranging between 22 and 24%. A total of 100 cases of a previous CS were selected either from the outpatient department (booked) or in labor (unbooked). Booked cases were regularly followed up in the antenatal clinic and the unbooked patients, who reported directly for labor, were then assessed for a trial of vaginal delivery. A study protocol was submitted to the institutional ethical committee of the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, and approval was sought before start of the study.
Cases with a single previous transverse lower uterine segment scar with adequate size of pelvis were included in the study after informed consent. Cases with previous classical or inverted T-shaped incision on the uterus, previous two or more LSCSs, with other uterine scars, history of previous rupture of the uterus or scar dehiscence, contracted pelvis or cephalopelvic disproportion, and those having other medical or obstetrical complications associated with pregnancy were excluded from the study. A total of 100 cases that fulfilled the selection criteria were enrolled in the study. All cases and their close relatives were explained about the advantages of vaginal birth over elective CS. They were also explained about the risk of scar dehiscence and the need for emergency CS, if trial of vaginal delivery failed. Written informed consent was obtained at the time of enrolment in the study. The patients were asked to come for regular antenatal checkups and were advised to plan their delivery in the hospital where the study was conducted. Hematological and serological investigations and obstetric sonography were performed during antenatal visits. The women were advised to get admitted in the ward, one week prior to their expected date of delivery. After going through the record related to her previous CS, a decision regarding VBAC was taken by a senior obstetrician in the later weeks of pregnancy or during labor. The cases selected for VBAC were monitored carefully during labor by continuous electronic fetal monitoring. All the cases were provisionally prepared for emergency CS. Intrapartum monitoring was done by using the standard partograph of the World Health Organization (WHO). Four-hourly internal examinations were performed to assess the progress, and special attention was paid toward the evidence of scar dehiscence or rupture. The trial of vaginal delivery was continued till there was satisfactory progress. The trial was terminated by emergency repeat CS, when there was evidence of unsatisfactory progress, scar tenderness, or fetal distress. Cases with successful VBAC delivery were kept in the hospital for five days and those who required repeat CS were kept for seven days after the operation. All cases received broad-spectrum antibiotics (injection ampicillin 500 mg intravenously and injection metronidazole 500 mg intravenously six-hourly) for either five or seven days.
Statistical analysis
Relevant information on maternal and fetal parameters including outcome of the present pregnancy (age, parity, registration status, interval between present pregnancy and previous CS, place, indication, and outcome of previous CS, mode of delivery in the present pregnancy, and maternal and perinatal outcome) in individual cases was collected in a structured pro-forma, entered in Microsoft Office Excel format, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 16.0). All values were expressed in the form of proportion and percentages.
| Results | | |
It was observed that eighty percent women had registered themselves for antenatal care, 30% women were carrying their second pregnancy, 45% their third pregnancy, and another 25% their forth pregnancy. The interval between a previous CS and the present pregnancy was more than two years in 77% of the cases. Eighty-five percent cases of previous CSs delivered vaginally, whereas 15% required a repeat CS [Table 1]. | Table 1: Mode of delivery following trial of vaginal birth after cesarean section
Click here to view |
It was seen that the women with cervical dilatation of more than 3 cm at the time of admission in the hospital had a better chance (90%) of vaginal delivery than women with a dilatation of less than 3 cm (60%). The success rate of vaginal birth after a previous CS done for nonrecurrent indications like fetal distress, malpresentations, pre-eclampsia, premature rupture of membranes, and postdated pregnancy was in the range of 80 to 90%, whereas the success rate of vaginal birth after previous CS done for indications like nonprogress of labor or borderline cephalopelvic disproportion was in the range of 60 to 70% [Table 2]. | Table 2: Indication of previous caesarean section and outcome of trial of VBAC in present pregnancy
Click here to view |
The average duration of labor was less than 10 hours in 94% cases, who delivered vaginally as compared to 80% cases requiring a repeat CS. The indications of a repeat CS were fetal distress (46%), scar dehiscence (13%), undiagnosed cephalopelvic disproportion (13%), and labor abnormalities like protracted active phase, cervical dystocia, and malrotation of head [Table 3]. It was further observed that women with a previous vaginal delivery had a better chance (90%) of a successful VBAC as compared to women who did not have a previous vaginal delivery (77%). A birth weight of more than 3,000 gm was associated with a lower success rate of VBAC. In the present study, there were two cases of scar dehiscence, one case of broad ligament hematoma, and one case of cervico-vaginal laceration. Two cases required blood transfusion. Four babies had birth asphyxia. There was no stillbirth or neonatal death. The average duration of hospital stay for women having a successful VBAC was lower (4.59 days) than women who required a repeat CS (8.40 days). | Table 3: Indication of repeat emergency LSCS in cases of failed trial of VBAC
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
With the significant rise in the incidence of primary CS for various indications, an increasing proportion of the pregnant women coming for antenatal care report with a history of a previous CS. These women belong to a high-risk group due to the risk of a scar rupture. The obstetrician is always in a dilemma regarding the mode of delivery in these cases. Assessment of the individual case with regard to the possibility of a successful VBAC is necessary while taking the decision. The unending dilemma of an obstetrician is about the management of subsequent labor, once the patient has a scar on the uterus. Some suggest an elective CS for such cases, whereas others choose a trial of labor. Many take a middle route, that is, individualization of case. By far, the greatest problem for the attendant in subsequent labor is the integrity of the uterine scar. [6] Uterine rupture has the potential for causing serious harm to the pregnant woman as well as the baby. This is the most important risk to be noted, but the advantage which the vaginal delivery imparts largely outweighs the risks associated with a repeat CS. The maximum percentage of cases in the present study were in the age group of 21 to 30 years as compared to other age groups, reflecting the child-bearing age of most of the women. The interval between the previous cesarean and the present pregnancy was more than two years in 77% cases, whereas it was less than two years in 23% of the cases. Shipp et al.[6] studied the risk of scar dehiscence in relation to the interval between a previous CS and the present pregnancy. He reported that the rate of scar rupture was 2.3%, when the interval was less than 18 months as compared to 1%, when the interval was more than 18 months. Similarly, in the present study, the rate of scar rupture was 2% and the interval was less than two years. In the present study, the commonest indication for a previous CS was fetal distress. The success rate of VBAC in these cases was 83%. Similar results (68 to 83%) have been reported by other workers. [7],[8],[9] The success rate of VBAC in cases with a previous CS for cephalopelvic disproportion was 85% in the present study, which was much higher than reported by other workers (25 to 77%). [7],[10],[11],[12] It could be because of the over diagnosis of cephalopelvic disproportion in previous pregnancies. In this study, the success of VBAC in cases with a previous CS done for breech presentation was 80%. Studies by Jansen et al.[10] and Phelan et al.[7] have reported similar results. The success of VBAC in the present study was 85%. This result was comparable with the results of other studies reported by Riva and Teich, [13] Dayal V, [14] Allahabadia, [15] Phelan et al., [7] and O Sullivan. [16] In our study, the rate of a repeat CS was 15% and commonest indication was fetal distress. Phelan et al.[7] and Dayal V.[14] reported a lower (15%) rate of fetal distress requiring CS.
The success rate of VBAC in cases augmented with oxytocin was 83%. Dayal V [14] reported that the success rate of VBAC in cases induced with oxytocin depend on the Bishop's score. Flamm et al.[17] reported that the use of oxytocin for induction or augmentation is safe in cases of previous CSs, when the infusion of oxytocin is well monitored. Lao et al.[18] studied the safety of induction of labor in women scheduled for trial of labor. They concluded that higher rates of infusion of oxytocin increase the rate of scar rupture, and that the use of a standard rate of infusion is useful in increasing the success rate of VBAC. In the present study, there were two cases of scar rupture. Both cases had a spontaneous onset of labor and oxytocin was not used in them.
The success rate of VBAC was significantly higher (93 as against 7%) in cases with cervical dilatation of more than 3 cm as against less than 3cm at the time of admission. Landon et al., [19] Demianczuk et al.,[20] and Pickhardt et al.[21] reported similar findings in their studies. In the present study, the rate of successful VBAC in cases with previous normal vaginal delivery was 91%. Landon et al., [19] Kraiem et al., [22] Whiteside DC et al., [23] Bedoya, et al. [24] and Phelan et al.[7] reported that a previous vaginal delivery was the greatest predictor for a successful VBAC. There were two cases of scar dehiscence and one case each of cervicovaginal laceration and broad ligament hematoma. Cases with scar dehiscence were managed by CSs. Obara et al.[25] reported two cases of ruptured uterus (0.93%) in their study of 214 cases of a previous CSs. Phelan et al.[7] reported scar dehiscence in 1.9% cases and uterine rupture in 0.3% cases. Dayal V [14] reported a higher rate (4.2%) of scar rupture. Palerme GR and Freidman EA et al.[26] reported that the incidence of uterine rupture was 2.2% with classical CS, 1.3% with lower segment cesarean and 0.07% with lower segment transverse scar.
The American college of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) [27] estimated the risk of uterine rupture in women with a previous CS and concluded that the lower segment caesarean scar has a minimum risk (0.2-1.5%) of rupture during vaginal delivery. There was no maternal mortality in the present study. Neonatal morbidity in the form of a low Apgar score (<6) was observed in 4% babies. One of these four babies was born by ventouse extraction for prolonged second stage of labor, due to maternal exhaustion and poor maternal bearing down. The remaining three babies were born by emergency CS, following failed trial of vaginal delivery. One CS was performed for scar dehiscence and the other two were performed for fetal distress. Two babies had a tight loop of cord around the neck. All three caesarean babies had developed meconium aspiration, which resulted in birth asphyxia. There was no associated co-morbidity in these babies. All the four babies born with low Apgar score were kept in the neonatal intensive care unit. They received prophylactic antibiotics and breast feeding and were discharged from hospital with their mothers. Morbidity was three times more in cases which required a repeat CS than those with a successful VBAC delivery. Similar observations were reported in other studies. [14],[25] There was no perinatal mortality in the present study. Phelan et al., [7] in his study of 1,796 cases, reported a perinatal mortality of 4.5/1,000 deliveries. It was observed that the success rate of VBAC depends on the birth weight of the baby. The success rate of VBAC decreased (18.7%) significantly when the birth weight was more than 3000 gm. Similar observations were made by other workers. [19],[23],[28],[29],[30] The average duration of hospital stay for VBAC was 4.59 days, whereas it was six days for instrumental deliveries, and 8.4 days for cases requiring repeat CS. Benson et al.[31] carried out a survey of the benefits of a successful VBAC and found out that a shorter hospital stay in a VBAC delivery has a positive impact on the psychology of the woman and decreases the total cost of hospitalization. Similar observations were made by other workers. [32],[33]
In spite of the ongoing efforts by the government to promote the norm of the small family, there is a perennial desire for more number of children, especially male children among the rural uneducated population. Many women do not accept sterilization even during the second CS. This decision exposes them to the development of complications related to scar rupture in subsequent pregnancy and labor. If women are explained about the option of VBAC and told about the risk associated with a repeat CS, many CSs can be avoided. VBAC should be encouraged in selected cases to reduce the risk of a repeated CS. [34] Many obstetricians running private nursing homes do not conduct VBAC deliveries, with the fear of scar rupture and subsequent medico-legal litigations. They ignore the possible increase in the risk of scar rupture with two previous CSs, the incidence of which has risen over the last few decades. They also need to be educated about the long-term implications of preferring repeat CSs over VBAC deliveries. For the aforementioned reasons, conducting VBAC deliveries has a special significance among the rural uneducated population.
Limitations
The limitation of the study lies in the fact that the study was carried out in a tertiary care centre, where there is adequate manpower to supervise each delivery, reducing complication rates of VBAC. Similar results may not be replicated at centres other than tertiary care centres.
| Conclusion | | |
Majority of the cases of previous CS done for nonrecurrent indication can be delivered safely by the vaginal route, without any major complication to the mother and the newborn, in an institution having facilities for emergency CSs. It has been proved to be a safe alternative to repeat an elective CS.
| Acknowledgment | | |
The authors express their deep sense of gratitude to the management of the Pravara Medical Trust and the Principal, Rural Medical College, Loni, Maharashtra, India.
| References | | |
| 1. | Pickrell K. An inquiry into the history of cesarean section. Bull Soc Med Hist (Chicago) 1935;4:414. 
|
| 2. | Cragin EB. Conservatism in Obstetrics. N Y Med J 1916;104:1-3.
|
| 3. | Rozenberg P, Goffinet F, Phillippe HJ, Nisand I. Ultrasonographic measurement of lower uterine segment to assess risk of defects of scarred uterus. Lancet 1996;347:281-4.
|
| 4. | Kerr JM. The technique of caesarean section with special reference to the lower uterine segment incision. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1926;12:729.
|
| 5. | Scwarz O, Paddock R, Bortnick AR. The caesarean scar: An experimental study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1938;36:962-5.
|
| 6. | Shipp TD, Zelop CM, Repke JT, Cohen A, Lieberman E. Inter delivery interval and risk of symptomatic uterine rupture. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:175-80.
|
| 7. | Phelan JP, Clark SL, Diaz F, Paul RH. Vaginal birth after caesarean. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:1510-5.
|
| 8. | Saraogi R, Vaidya PR. Partogram in cases of previous caesarean section. J Obstet Gynecol India 1979;29:745-9.
|
| 9. | Hoskins IA, Gomez JL. Correlation between maximum cervical dilatation at caesarean delivery and subsequent vaginal birth after caesarean delivery. Obstet Gynaecol 1997;89:591-3.
|
| 10. | Jansen FW, Van Roosmalen J, Keirse MJ, Bennebroek Gravenhorst J. Vaginal delivery following caesarean section. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1989;133:666-9.
|
| 11. | Jarrel MA, Ashmead G. Vaginal delivery after caesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1928;65:628.
|
| 12. | Cosgrave R. Management of pregnancy and delivery after caesarean section. J Am Med Assoc 1951;145:884-8.
|
| 13. | Riva HL, Teich JC. Vaginal delivery after caesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1961;81:501.
|
| 14. | Dayal V. Trial of vaginal delivery in cases of single previous cesarean section. J Obstet Gynecol 1985;35:445-50.
|
| 15. | Allahabadia GN, Ambiye VR, Shanbaug AM. Vaginal birth following caesarean section. J Obstet Gynecol India 1989;39:782-6.
|
| 16. | O Sullivan MJ, Fumia F, Holsinger K, McLeod AG. Vaginal delivery after caesarean section. Clin Perinatol 1981;8;131-43.
|
| 17. | Flamm BL, Dunnett C, Fischermann E, Quilligan EJ. Vaginal delivery following caesarean section: Use of oxytocin augmention and epidural aneasthesia with internal tocodynamic and internal foetal monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:759-63.
|
| 18. | Lao TT, Leung BF. Labour Induction for planned vaginal delivery in patients with previous caesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1987;66:413-6.
|
| 19. | Landon MB, Leindecker S, Spong CY, Hauth JC, Bloom S, Varner MW, et al. The MFMU caesarean registry: Factors affecting the success of trial of labour after previous caesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1016-23.
|
| 20. | Demianczuk NN, Hunter DJ, Taylor DW. Trial of labour after previous cesarean section. Prognostic indicators of outcome. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1982;142:640-2.
|
| 21. | Pickardt MG, Martin JN, Maydrech EF. Vaginal birth after caesarean delivery: Are there useful and valid predictors of success or failure? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1811-9.
|
| 22. | Kraiem J, Ben Brahim Y, Chaabane K, Sarraj N, Chiha N, Falfoul A. Indicators for successful vaginal delivery after caesarean section: A proposal of a predictive score. Tunis Med 2006;84:16-20.
|
| 23. | Whiteside DC, Mahan CS, Cook JC. Factors associated with successful vaginal delivery after caesarean section. J Reprod Med 1983;28:785-8.
|
| 24. | Bedoya C, Bartha JL, Rodriguez I, Fontan I, Bedoya JM, Sanchez-Ramos J. A trial of labour after caesarean section in patients with or without prior vaginal delivery. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1992;39:285-9.
|
| 25. | Obara H, Minakami H, Koike T, Takamizawa S, Matsubara S, Sato I. Vaginal birth after caesarean delivery. Results in 310 pregnancies. J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;24:129-34.
|
| 26. | Palerme GR, Freidman EA. Rupture of the gravid uterus in the third trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;50:594-7.
|
| 27. | ACOG practice bulletin. Vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery. No. 2, October 1998. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999;64:201-8.
|
| 28. | Irani FF, Matliya MV. Outcome of labour following previous caesarean section. J Obstet Gynecol India 1971;32:651-5.
|
| 29. | Zelop CM, Shipp TD, Repke JT, Cohen A, Lieberman E. Outcome of trial of labour following caesarean delivery among women with foetuses weighing>4000 grams. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:903-5.
|
| 30. | Ollendorff DA, Goldberg JM, Minogue JP, Socol ML. Vaginal birth after caesarean section for arrest of labor. Is success determined by maximum cervical dilatation during the prior labour? Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1988;159:636-9.
|
| 31. | Horowitz BJ, Stanley W, Lippmann L. Once a cesarean, always a caesarean. Obstet Gynaec Survey 1981;36:592-7.
|
| 32. | Traynor JD, Peaceman AM. Maternal hospital charges associated with trial of labour versus elective repeat caesarean section. Birth 1998;25:81-4.
|
| 33. | Gibbs CE. Planned vaginal delivery following caesarean section. Clin Obstet Gyn 1980;23:507.
|
| 34. | Islam A, Ehsan A, Arif S, Murtaza J, Hanif A. Evaluating trial of scar in patients with a history of caesarean section. N Am J Med Sci 2011;3:201-5.
|
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Analysis of cesarean section rates and its indications using robson's classification at a tertiary care hospital, Manipur |
|
| L Janani, Soubam Christina, BrogenSingh Akoijam, Dipabali Nameirakpam, RanjitSingh Laiphrakpam | | Indian Journal of Public Health. 2022; 66(4): 434 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Outcome of Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Section (VBAC) |
|
| Narjes Noori, Marzieh Ghasemi, Alireza Dashipour, Mitra Dastgerdi, Ghazaleh Parnian | | Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2022; 24(3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Effect of a Locally Tailored Clinical Pathway Tool on VBAC Outcomes in a Private Hospital in India |
|
| Nikita Kumari,Neeru Jain,Rinku Sen Gupta Dhar | | The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Outcome of Induction of Labor with Foley’s Catheter in Women with Previous One Cesarean Section with Unfavorable Cervix: An Experience From a Tertiary Care Institute in South India |
|
| Venkata A. RamyaMohana,Gowri Dorairajan | | The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Acceptance Of Trial Of Labor After Cesarean (Tolac) Among Obstetricians In The Western Region Of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study |
|
| Khulood Hussein,Abdulrahim Gari,Ruqayyah Kamal,Hussam Alzharani,Nasir Alsubai,Tayy Aljuhani,Husam Katib | | Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Sonographic cervical length predicts vaginal delivery after previous cesarean section in women with low Bishop score induced with a double-balloon catheter |
|
| Angelica Diaz,Socrates Aedo,Daniela Burky,Alejandra Catalan,Carlos Aguirre,Monica Acevedo,Renate Poehls,Valeria Puebla,Francisco Guerra,Waldo Sepulveda | | The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Relationship between gestational risk and type of delivery in high risk pregnancy |
|
| Marcos Benatti Antunes,Robson Marcelo Rossi,Sandra Marisa Pelloso | | Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP. 2020; 54 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
The failure rate, related factors, and neonate complications of vaginal delivery after cesarean section |
|
| Azadeh Asgarian,Nayereh Rahmati,Farzaneh Nasiri,Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi | | Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2020; 25(1): 65 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
The success rate and associate factors of vaginal birth after cesarean section at Tu Du Hospital in Vietnam |
|
| | | International Journal of Pregnancy & Child Birth. 2018; 4(3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Features of women’s vaginal delivery with uterine scar at present stage |
|
| Viktor A. Mudrov,Marina N. Mochalova,Andrey A. Mudrov | | Journal of obstetrics and woman disease. 2018; 67(1): 26 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
VBAC: Changes over Last 10 Years |
|
| Neha Gupta,Arpita De,Swaraj Batra | | The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Predictors of Success Of Vaginal Birth After Previous Cesarean Section |
|
| Maimoona Qadir, Sohail Amir | | Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science. 2017; 4(1): 13 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
MATERNAL AND FOETAL OUTCOME OF VAGINAL BIRTH AFTER CAESAREAN SECTION |
|
| Thulasi P,Rebecca Ratnam | | Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2016; 3(35): 1714 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Prediction of vaginal delivery in pregnant women with a uterine scar |
|
| S. V. Barinov,A. V. Bindyuk,V. V. Ralko,O. A. Grebenyuk,I. M. Ilyinykh,D. G. Novikov | | Rossiiskii vestnik akushera-ginekologa. 2016; 16(1): 51 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Trial of Labor After Cesarean Section Among Women with Unique Lower Segment Scarred Uterus and Fetal Weight >3500 g: Prognostic Factors for a Safe Vaginal Delivery |
|
| Elie Nkwabong,Joseph Nelson Fomulu,Fabrice Lionel Djomkam Youmsi | | The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
‘Once a caesarean, always a caesarean’? Challenging perceptions around vaginal birth after caesarean |
|
| Dawn Meredith,Kevin Hugill | | British Journal of Midwifery. 2016; 24(9): 616 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
POST CAESAREAN PREGNANCY IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF TRIBAL AREA OF BASTAR: A SPECIAL CONCERN |
|
| Alpana Bansal,Indu Sharma,Jyoti Lagoo,Devjanani Raiguru,Hemant Sharma | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2016; 5(61): 4295 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
On delivery in pregnant women with a uterine scar |
|
| S. V. Barinov,A. V. Bindyuk,V. V. Ralko,O. A. Grebenyuk,I. M. Ilyinykh | | Rossiiskii vestnik akushera-ginekologa. 2015; 15(4): 29 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for