|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 1 | Page : 24-28 |
|
Medicine vendors: Self-medication practices and medicine knowledge
Asa Auta, Simeon Omale, Temitope J Folorunsho, Shalkur David, Samuel B Banwat
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| Date of Web Publication | 13-Feb-2012 |
Correspondence Address:
Asa Auta
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jos, Jos
Nigeria
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.92899
Background: Medicine vendors fill the gap created by inadequate skilled professionals required for medicine procurement, storage, and distribution in developing countries. Aim : To evaluate self-medication practice and medicine knowledge among medicine vendors and to determine if a relationship exists between both. Materials and Methods : A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted, using a pretested questionnaire on 236 medicine vendors in Jos, Nigeria, sampled through a two-stage stratified design. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16, and the chi-square test was used to determine the association between variables. Results : Self-medication was common (75.4%) among respondents and was not associated (P>0.05) with any of the demographic characteristics studied. The classes of medicines commonly used by respondents for self-medication were analgesics (31.4%), anti-malarials (22.6%), multivitamins (17.7%), and antibiotics (11.25%). A knowledge assessment test revealed that only 34.3% of the respondents had adequate knowledge. There was no significant (P>0.05) relationship between self-medication practice and medicine knowledge, among the respondents. However, the medicine knowledge scores were significantly (P<0.05) associated with holding a certificate in health sciences, years of experience, and the place of practice of the medicine vendors. Conclusion : The present study demonstrated that self-medication practice was high and inadequate medicine knowledge existed among respondents. Keywords: Medicine knowledge, Medicine vendors, Self-medication
How to cite this article:
Auta A, Omale S, Folorunsho TJ, David S, Banwat SB. Medicine vendors: Self-medication practices and medicine knowledge. North Am J Med Sci 2012;4:24-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Auta A, Omale S, Folorunsho TJ, David S, Banwat SB. Medicine vendors: Self-medication practices and medicine knowledge. North Am J Med Sci [serial online] 2012 [cited 2022 Aug 13];4:24-8. Available from: https://www.najms.org/text.asp?2012/4/1/24/92899 |
| Introduction | |  |
Medicine retailers play an important role, especially at the community level, in developing countries. They constitute a limited number of community pharmacies and numerous patent medicine stores. [1] Medicine vendors in these medicine outlets fill the gap created by inadequate skilled health professionals (Pharmacists) required for the procurement, storage, and distribution of medicine. [2]
In Nigeria, patent medicine stores are registered by licensed Patent Medicine Vendors (PMVs), while community pharmacies are registered by licensed Pharmacists. PMVs are individuals with no formal pharmacy training, and are only authorized to sell over-the-counter medicines and are usually licensed to practice by the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria; however, no such licensing exists for medicine vendors in community pharmacies. [3]
The law does not specify the minimum educational level for medicine vendors; however, the minimum educational level for PMVs in Nigeria is the primary level of education. In Nigeria, medicine vendors are required, by law, to sell medicines in their original package. [4] PMVs are not allowed, by law, to alter a medicine package or sell a portion of medicines from their package as this constitutes dispensing. Hence, their role is commercial and retail in nature. However, in response to their clients demand, they are often seen dispensing medicines from their original package or dispensing generic medicines like paracetamol from their tins. [5] However, some medicine vendors in Nigeria are trained as Pharmacy Technicians with basic knowledge of dispensing, to serve as assistants to registered pharmacists. [6]
Self-medication is a common practice in developing countries. About 60-80% of health problems are treated by self-medication. [7] Appropriate self-medication requires the individual to accurately recognize symptoms, set therapeutic objectives, select the appropriate medicine to be used for his medical condition, and determine the appropriate dosage and dosage schedule, taking into account his medical history, contraindication, and possible side effects of the medicine. [8]
Self-medication among health staff has been studied. Nalini, [9] evaluated self-medication practice among government doctors in India, and concluded that the prevalence of self-medication practice among doctors is high. Baros et al., [10] demonstrated that self-medication was a frequent practice among nurses working in public hospitals in Brazil, and Bamgboye et al., [11] showed that self-medication among workers involved in medical care services in tertiary hospitals in Nigeria is high. No study has looked at self-medication practice and medicine knowledge among medicine sellers in Nigeria. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating self-medication practice and medicine knowledge among medicine vendors, to determine if a relationship exists between the two.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Study setting
The study was conducted in Jos, north-central, Nigeria. There are about 119 registered Community Pharmacy outlets and several Patent Medicine Stores in Jos-North and Jos-South Local Government Areas, where this research was carried out.
Study design
A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted on 236 medicine vendors. The study population was obtained through a two-stage stratified convenience sampling design. The first stage involved stratifying Jos into two, based on the two local governments that made up Jos. Each local government was further stratified into two according to the place of practice (community pharmacy and patent medicine store) of the respondents, and these formed the primary sampling unit. The primary sampling unit (PSU) was obtained by a convenience method and the medicine vendors in the PSU who consented to participate in the study were included in the study. A total of 129 PSUs, consisting of 55 community pharmacies and 74 patent medicine stores were used for this study.
A pretested questionnaire was administered to the participating medicine vendors. The participants responded to questions on demography, self-medication practices within the last month, reasons for self-medication, and sources of medicine information. A knowledge assessment test was also administered to test the respondents' over-the-counter medicine knowledge on key areas of medicine indication, drug administration, brand and generic names of medicines, contraindication, interaction, and side effects of medicines.
The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria. Approval to carry out the study in each PSU was obtained from the managers of the PSUs. Verbal informed consent was sought from each participant before administering the questionnaire and the participants were told that participation in the study was voluntary and information obtained would be anonymous and confidential.
Data analysis
Data were entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago IL) to generate descriptive statistics. Relationships between variables were tested using the chi-square test. The knowledge assessment test was graded and the score was converted into percentages. A percentage score of less than 50% was considered inadequate, while a score of between 50 to 69% was considered marginal, and a score of 70 to 100% was considered adequate.
| Results | | |
A total of 310 questionnaires were distributed to medicine vendors, but 236 of them were returned, representing a response rate of 76.1%. About 62% of the respondents were between the ages of 21 and 30 years and most respondents (65.7%) had post secondary education with 28% of the respondents holding a certificate in health sciences [Table 1]. There was a significant association between the respondents' place of practice with their highest educational level attained and holding a health certificate, as 67.7% of those with tertiary education and 71.2% of those holding a health certificate worked in community pharmacies.
Self-medication was found to be common (75.4%) among medicine vendors and it was not found to be associated (P>0.05) with any of the demographic characteristics of the respondents [Table 2].
The classes of medicines commonly used by respondents for self-medication were analgesics (31.4%), anti-malarials (22.6%), multivitamins (17.7%), and antibiotics (11.25%) [Table 3].
The common reasons given by the respondents for engaging in self-medication were that their illness was mild (31.7%), they were knowledgeable about the treatment of their conditions (23.5%), and self-medication saved time (17.6%). Other reasons given by the respondents were that self-medication saved money (12.2%) and that they had taken the same medicine in the past (10.9%)
Common sources of medicine information among respondents were from the health professionals (47.3%), medicine leaflets (23.3%), and the media (19.1%). Other sources of medicine information among respondents were from friends and relatives (7.6%) and the internet (0.8%).
The knowledge assessment test revealed that 32.6% of the respondents had inadequate knowledge, 33.1% had marginal knowledge, and 34.3% had adequate knowledge. There was no significant (P>0.05) relationship between self-medication practice among respondents and their medicine knowledge. However, the medicine knowledge scores were found to be significantly (P<0.05) associated with holding a certificate in health sciences, the years of experience, and place of practice [Table 4].
| Discussion | | |
The demographic data gathered from this study showed that a number of medicine vendors had post secondary education with about 28% of them holding a certificate in various fields of health sciences. Those holding a certificate in health sciences reported being trained as nurses, community health workers, and pharmacy technicians. Although the policy does not consider being trained in these fields as a prerequisite to being a medicine vendor, having trained staff at the community level is of public health significance, as these staff work in premises that are cited within local communities and they can advice the public on the safe use of medicines, minor ailments, and healthy lifestyles.
The prevalence of self-medication among medicine vendors was high (75.4%). This rate is similar to a finding in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria, wherein, the prevalence of self-medication among workers was 73%. [11] Although the prevalence of self-medication in this study was not associated with any of the demographic characteristics studied, the high prevalence of self-medication among medicine vendors may be as a result of their perceived medicine knowledge (as most of them reported that they were knowledgeable about the medicine they used for self-medication) and increased access to medicines, as these factors have been shown to promote self-medication. [9]
The high use of analgesics for self-medication confirms the findings that analgesics are the commonly used over-the-counter medicines for self-medication, [12],[13] while the high use of anti-malarial drugs correlates with the high incidence of malaria in Nigeria. [14],[15] Multivitamins were common because people take them as supplements for promoting health, preventing illness; to boost the immune system, for prevention of stress, and to supplement regular nutrition. [12] Hence, their use is usually seen as part of a healthy lifestyle. Self-medication with antibiotics is of public health concern because inappropriate use of antibiotics has been reported even among health workers. [9] Inappropriate use of antibiotics results in antibiotic resistance, which is a major problem worldwide especially in developing countries. [16]
Reliable sources of medicine information increases an individual's knowledge on medicine. Medicine information from friends / relatives, media, and the internet are unreliable sources of medicine information and people can easily be misinformed by these sources. [17] A number of the studied population relies on these sources of information, hence, the need for these vendors to be enlightened on the appropriate and reliable sources of medicine information.
The study demonstrated poor medicine knowledge among the respondents; only 34.3% of the respondents had adequate knowledge as per the medicine knowledge assessment test. Medicine knowledge was found to be associated (P<0.05) with holding a certificate in health sciences, years of experience, and place of practice. Vendors with a health certificate, those with more years of experience, and those working in a community pharmacy had more adequate knowledge. The higher medicine knowledge level achieved by medicine vendors in community pharmacies, rather than those in patent medicine stores, could be a result of the high percentage of trained medicine vendors working in community pharmacies or might have to do with their working environment and experience, as vendors working in community pharmacies had more exposure with respect to the types of medicines they handled and they also worked under the supervision of a trained pharmacist, who could be contributing to their medicine knowledge. [6]
Study limitation
A few limitations exist with this study; the study population may not be representative of the medicine vendors found in Jos; and the study was based on retrospective information obtained from the vendors and this is prone to recall error and bias in reporting.
| Conclusion | | |
The present study demonstrated that self-medication practice was high and inadequate medicine knowledge existed among respondents. Hence, there is a need for education on appropriate self-medication practice among medicine vendors.
| References | | |
| 1. | Goodman C, Brieger W, Unwin A, Mills A, Meek S, Greer G. Medicine sellers and malaria treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa: What do they do and how can their practice be improved? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77 Suppl 6:203-18. 
|
| 2. | Adikwu MU. Sales practices of patent medicine sellers in Nigeria. Health Policy Plan 1996;11:202-5.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 3. | Oladepo O, Salami KK, Adeoye BW, Oshiname F, Ofi B, Oladepo M. Malaria treatment and policy in three regions in Nigeria: The role of patent medicine vendors. Future Health Systems Innovation for Equity 2007. Working Paper 1. Nigeria Series.
|
| 4. | Okeke TA, Uzochukwu BS, Okafor HU. An in-depth study of patent medicine sellers' perspectives on malaria in a rural Nigerian community. Malar J 2006;5:97.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 5. | Brieger WR, Osamor PE, Salami KK, Oladepo O, Otusanya SA. Interactions between patent medicine vendors and customers in urban and rural Nigeria. Health Policy Plan 2004;19:177-82.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 6. | Pharmacists Council of Nigeria. Pharmacy Technicians training manual. Abuja: Pharmacists Council of Nigeria; 2005.
|
| 7. | Awad AI, Eltayeb IB. Self-medication practices with antibiotics and antimalarials among Sudanese undergraduate university students. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:1249-55.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 8. | World Health Organization: Guidelines for the regulatory assessment of Medicinal Products for use in self-medication. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000.
|
| 9. | Nalini GK. Self-medication among allopathic medical doctors in Karnataka, India. BJMP 2010;3:325.
|
| 10. | Baros AR, Griep RH, Rotenberg L. Self-medication among nursing workers from public hospitals. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagen 2009;17:104-16.
|
| 11. | Bamgboye EA, Amoran OE, Yusuf OB. Self medication practices among workers in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 2006;35:411-5.
[PUBMED] |
| 12. | Linden KA. Pharmacoepidemiological study of medicine use among finish conscripts. Ann Med Militaris Fenni 2005;2:6-113.
|
| 13. | Shakar PR, Partha P, Shenoy N. Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: A questionnaire-based study. BMC Fam Pract 2002;3:17.
|
| 14. | Onyeneho NG. Response to childhood fevers among Mbaise parents and caregivers in Imo State, Nigeria: Does the sex of the child matter? Tanzanian Health Res Bull 2006;8:62-9.
|
| 15. | Chirdan OO, Zoakah AI, Ejembi CL. Impact of home education on home treatment and prevention of malaria in Jengre, North Central Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2008;7:112-9.
[PUBMED]  |
| 16. | Verma RK, Mohan L, Pandey M. Evaluation of self medication among professional students in North India: Proper statutory drug control must be implemented. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2010;3:60-4.
|
| 17. | Narhi U, Helakorpi. Analgesics users' sources of medicine information. Int J Pharm Pract 2007;15:251-3.
|
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Perception and practice of self-medication with antibiotics among medical students in Sudanese universities: A cross-sectional study |
|
| Osman Kamal Osman Elmahi, Reem Abdalla Elsiddig Musa, Ahd Alaaeldin Hussain Shareef, Mohammed Eltahier Abdalla Omer, Mugahid Awad Mohamed Elmahi, Randa Ahmed Abdalrheem Altamih, Rayan Ibrahim Hamid Mohamed, Tagwa Faisal Mohamed Alsadig, Xiaoxv Yin | | PLOS ONE. 2022; 17(1): e0263067 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
A STUDY ON DRUG USAGE PATTERN BASED ON SELF MEDICATION AMONG ADULTS IN SUB URBAN AREAS OF TAMIL NADU. |
|
| Shalini. A | | GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS. 2021; : 76 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Pattern and determinants of self-medication among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in primary health care facilities in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria |
|
| Olaniyan Akintunde Babatunde, Ikeola Adejoke Adeoye, Aishat Bukola Usman, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Olufunmilayo Ibitola Fawole | | Journal of Interventional Epidemiology and Public Health. 2021; 4 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Yetiskin Bireylerde Akilci Ilaç Kullanimi ve Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi |
|
| Tugba UÇMAN,Nese UYSAL | | Bandirma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri ve Arastirmalari Dergisi. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
How medicines sales staff is responding to presumptive COVID-19 patients attending drug retail outlets: An exploratory qualitative study |
|
| Muhammad Atif,Muhammad Ahmad,Iram Malik,Irem Muhstaq,Nafees Ahmad,Nafees Mehjabin,Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar | | The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
The awareness of the Jordanian population about OTC medications: A cross-sectional study |
|
| Esra’ Taybeh,Zina Al-Alami,Mervat Alsous,Mai Rizik,Zakaria Alkhateeb | | Pharmacology Research & Perspectives. 2020; 8(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Enhancement motivations for using prescription drugs among young adults in Nigeria |
|
| Emeka W. Dumbili,John Gardner,Hannah M. Degge,Reiner Hanewinkel | | International Journal of Drug Policy. 2020; : 102995 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Assessing the prevalence of self-medication among healthcare workers before and during the 2019 SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in Kenya |
|
| David Onchonga,Joshua Omwoyo,Duke Nyamamba | | Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
BIR SOSYAL BILIMLER MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU ÖGRENCILERININ AKILCI ILAÇ KULLANIMI KONUSUNDA BILGI VE DAVRANISLARININ DEGERLENDIRILMESI |
|
| Osman KURT,A. Ferdane OGUZÖNCÜL,S. Erhan DEVECI,Edibe PIRINÇCI | | Eskisehir Türk Dünyasi Uygulama ve Arastirma Merkezi Halk Sagligi Dergisi. 2020; 5(1): 62 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Factors associated with inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics among non-pharmacist pharmacy workers |
|
| Saima Asghar,Muhammad Atif,Irem Mushtaq,Iram Malik,Khezar Hayat,Zaheer-ud-Din Babar | | Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Healthcare professionalsæ level of medication knowledge in Africa: a systematic review |
|
| Derbew Fikadu Berhe,Katja Taxis,Flora M. Haaijer-Ruskamp,Peter G. M. Mol | | British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Pattern of medication selling and self-medication practices: A study from Punjab, Pakistan |
|
| Muhammad Majid Aziz,Imran Masood,Mahreen Yousaf,Hammad Saleem,Dan Ye,Yu Fang,Albert Figueras | | PLOS ONE. 2018; 13(3): e0194240 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Self-medication practices and rational drug use habits among university students: a cross-sectional study from Kahramanmaras, Turkey |
|
| Ramazan Azim Okyay,Aysegül Erdogan | | PeerJ. 2017; 5: e3990 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Self-medication among rural residents in Lagos, Nigeria |
|
| ModupeB Ayanwale,IfeomaP Okafor,OluwakemiO Odukoya | | Journal of Medicine in the Tropics. 2017; 19(1): 65 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Exploring the reasons why pharmacists dispense antibiotics without prescriptions in Khartoum state, Sudan |
|
| Anas M.A. Salim,Bashir Elgizoli | | International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Post-marketing withdrawal of 462 medicinal products because of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review of the world literature |
|
| Igho J. Onakpoya,Carl J. Heneghan,Jeffrey K. Aronson | | BMC Medicine. 2016; 14(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
A Systematic Review of the Role of Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors in Healthcare Provision in Nigeria |
|
| Naomi Beyeler,Jenny Liu,Maia Sieverding,Ulla Kou Griffiths | | PLOS ONE. 2015; 10(1): e0117165 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Self-Medication Practices in Mekelle, Ethiopia |
|
| Tadele Eticha,Kalkidan Mesfin,Alfonso Carvajal | | PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(5): e97464 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for