|
 
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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 11 | Page : 558-562 |
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Hypertension in the elderly: Prevalence and health seeking behavior
Palanivel Chinnakali1, Bharathy Mohan1, Ravi Prakash Upadhyay2, Arvind Kumar Singh3, Rahul Srivastava3, Kapil Yadav3
1 Department of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
2 Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
3 Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| Date of Web Publication | 9-Nov-2012 |
Correspondence Address:
Palanivel Chinnakali
Department of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry - 605 009
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.103314
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are major contributors of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Estimating the prevalence of hypertension and studying the health seeking behavior is important. Aim: This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and understand the health seeking behavior among the elderly in rural Puducherry, south India. Materials and Methods: A total of 211 elderly from a rural community were selected by systematic random sampling. Blood pressure (BP) was measured. Socio-demographic characteristics and health seeking behavior were assessed by interviews. Results: Prevalence of hypertension among study participants was 40.5%. Prevalence of hypertension among elderly male subjects was 39.2% and in female subjects was 40.8%. About 62% (53 out of 85 hypertensives) were already aware of their hypertensive status. About 54.7% (29) were diagnosed at government health facilities either at primary health centers (PHCs) or a government hospital. Conclusion: Burden of hypertension among the elderly is high in rural areas. Strategies to detect and treat hypertension in the elderly have to be implemented early. Keywords: Community-based study, Elderly, Hypertension, Prevalence
How to cite this article:
Chinnakali P, Mohan B, Upadhyay RP, Singh AK, Srivastava R, Yadav K. Hypertension in the elderly: Prevalence and health seeking behavior. North Am J Med Sci 2012;4:558-62 |
How to cite this URL:
Chinnakali P, Mohan B, Upadhyay RP, Singh AK, Srivastava R, Yadav K. Hypertension in the elderly: Prevalence and health seeking behavior. North Am J Med Sci [serial online] 2012 [cited 2023 Mar 26];4:558-62. Available from: https://www.najms.org/text.asp?2012/4/11/558/103314 |
| Introduction | |  |
According to the census 2001, the population of the elderly (age 60 years and above) in India was 75.9 million, i.e. 7.4% of total population. [1] It is projected to be 113 million, i.e. 8.9% of total population by the year 2016. The elderly, by themselves are a vulnerable group and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are clearly a major morbidity in this age group. In India, NCDs were responsible for 53% of deaths and 44% of disability adjusted life years lost. [2] Developing countries, like India, are likely to face an enormous burden of NCDs in future [3] and of these diseases, hypertension is one of the most important treatable causes of mortality and morbidity in the elderly population. [4],[5] Further, high blood pressure (BP) is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data from the Framingham Heart Study showed increasing cardiovascular morbidity with increasing systolic or diastolic pressure in those aged 65 and over. [6]
One of the cornerstones of the primary prevention of CVDs has been screening for high BP and anti-hypertensive drug treatment. [7] The benefits of anti-hypertensive drug therapy for older persons have been clearly established. Prior studies have shown that anti-hypertensive drug treatment for older hypertensive persons confers highly significant and clinically relevant reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates. [8] Nevertheless, a considerable percentage of older persons with hypertension are not detected or are not adequately treated for hypertension. [9] Measures should be taken to diagnose hypertension and prevent or postpone its complications in this age group as the burden of hypertension is bound to increase due to increasing life expectancy rates. Health seeking behavior of the elderly is influenced by their economic instability, reduced physical endurance, social isolation, reduced cognitive ability, dependency, and loneliness. This makes them more vulnerable to suffer or succumb to illnesses, which may be treatable, or whose disabling effects could be postponed.
The current study was carried out to document the prevalence of hypertension, to understand the health seeking behavior and expenditure on treatment in the elder population of rural Puducherry in South India.
| Materials and Methods | | |
The study was reviewed and approved by the Institute Ethics Committee of Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute. Participant information sheet was provided and informed written consent was elicited in local language.
A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in rural field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine of Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute. The study area is located in Union Territory of Puducherry, South India. Total population under field practice area was about 26,000 as on March 2011. One primary health center with five sub-centers provides health services in the field practice area. One of the sub-centers, serving a population of 7400, was selected randomly by lots for the study. The study area mainly comprised of rural population with agriculture and agriculture-related works as the main occupation.
Elderly persons (age 60 years and above) residing in the study area for at least 6 months were included in the study. Elderly individuals who were critically ill and unable to comprehend questions were excluded.
Based on a prevalence of 55% in Kerala, (a neighboring state in south India), among elderly from reviewed literature, [5] assuming an absolute precision of 7% and α error 5%, the required sample size came out to be about 202. A sample size of about 220 was decided in order to adjust for non-response.
A pretested, structured interview schedule was used to collect data on demographic characteristics, health seeking behavior and expenditure on treatment for hypertension (in previously diagnosed cases).
The list of houses where elderly individuals were available was taken from the census conducted by the field level health workers in December 2010. These houses constituted the sampling frame. Systematic random sampling method was employed to select the houses. If more than one eligible was present in a selected house, one of them was selected randomly by lottery method. BP measurement was done as per the standard guidelines, i.e. using mercury sphygmomanometer in right arm in the sitting position with feet kept firmly on ground and arm kept at the level of the heart. BP was measured on two separate occasions with a minimum interval of at least 5 minutes between the two measurements. Care was taken on the day of measurement that the participants did not smoke or take caffeine half an hour before the measurement of BP. BP measurements were not done for participants with any acute painful condition like dental pain or joint pain. BP was measured in subsequent visits.
A systolic BP of ≥140 mm Hg and/or a diastolic BP of ≥90 mm Hg measured on two separate occasions with a minimum interval of at least 5 minutes between the two measurements OR a self-reported history of taking anti-hypertensive medications is defined as hypertension. [10]
Expenditure on treatment for hypertension was self-reported and calculated based on the money spent on consultation with a private practitioner and that spent on purchasing anti-hypertensive medications outside the government health system.
Statistical analysis
Data were entered in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Descriptive statistics like mean, median and proportions were calculated using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13.0. About 95% confidence intervals were calculated for proportions.
| Results | | |
Socio-demographic characteristics of participants
A total of 211 elderly individuals were included in the study. Nine elderly were not included in the study as they were difficult to trace or houses were locked on two successive visits. Mean age of study participants was 66 years (SD ±6.9) [Table 1]. About three-fourths (76%) of study subjects were females. About 65% of the participants were illiterate and 25% had completed primary education. More than half of the elderly (52.4%) had lost their spouse. About one-fifth of study subjects (21%) were living alone. One-fourth of subjects (25%) were economically dependent on other family members. Nearly half (49.5%) of the elderly were not engaged in any occupation during the study period while one-third (33%) were engaged in agriculture and agriculture-related works.
Around half (51%) of participants never used tobacco in their life time. Seven percent were 'current smokers' (smoking at least for a month) and 33% were 'current smokeless tobacco users'. Thirteen percent (28 out of 211) of the participants reported that they were taking treatment for diabetes mellitus. Breathing problems, joint pains, and sleeplessness were the other complaints among the study population.
Prevalence of hypertension
Mean systolic BP and diastolic pressure in the study participants was 136.9 ± 18.6 mm Hg and 88.1 ± 11.2 mm Hg respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertension among study participants was 40.5% (95% CI: 33.7-47.4%). Prevalence of hypertension among male subjects was 39.2% (95% CI: 25.8-53.8%) whereas it was 40.8% (95% CI: 33.1-48.9%) among female subjects. About 62% (53 out of 85 hypertensives) were already aware of their hypertensive status. Of previously diagnosed hypertensives (n=53) 98% were on treatment. Of those under treatment (n=52), 86.5% were uncontrolled.
Health seeking behavior and adherence to treatment
Among the previously diagnosed cases of hypertension, 54.7% (n=29) were diagnosed at government health facilities either at primary health centers or a government hospital whereas 45.3% (n=24) were diagnosed by private providers. About 81.1% (n=43) of diagnosed cases of hypertension had 'giddiness' or 'fainting' for which they sought care and were subsequently diagnosed as hypertensives. About 65.9% were taking their anti-hypertensive medications from primary health centers and 32% were taking their medications from chemist shops.
On an average, the elderly hypertensives were visiting the doctor once in a month (Mean±SD: 27.1 ± 19.2 days). Seventy-five percent of the hypertensives had their BP checked once in 20 days on an average. Forty-eight percent reported that they had missed at least one dose of anti-hypertensives in the last 3-month period. Fifteen percent had reported that they skipped anti-hypertensives for a week and more. 'Went to relative's home' and 'forgot to take medicine' were the commonly told reasons for poor adherence to medication. About 33.3% reported that they had made changes in their diet pattern, like reduction in the consumption of oily foods and reduced salt intake after the diagnosis. When asked about the expected duration of treatment for hypertension, 92.6% of the elderly hypertensives reported that medications have to be continued for life time. About 82.7% of the elderly were satisfied with their treatment.
Expenditure on treatment of hypertension was calculated for the previously diagnosed cases that were on treatment. Mean expenditure on consultation came out to be 77  (Indian rupees) (SD ±34.6  ) per visit and for anti-hypertensive medications was 290  per month (SD ±183.7  ).
| Discussion | | |
Our findings provide an evidence of high burden of hypertension in the elderly age group in a rural area of Puducherry. The prevalence of hypertension in our study was similar to a study done in rural areas of Kerala. [11] The prevalence reported by Kalavathy et al. was 45%. Our study findings were also similar to a study done in the elderly in rural and urban areas of Puducherry, South India where they reported a prevalence of 43.9% in rural elderly population. [12] However, other studies done in Assam, north-eastern India [13] and a multi-centric study in Bangladesh and India [5] had reported higher prevalence of hypertension. However, a study in rural part of Karnataka reported prevalence of hypertension among 60-69 years population to be about 30.5% and 32% in above 70 years population. [14] Moreover, a study done in Kolkata, eastern India among the elderly in urban areas reported prevalence of 53.5%. [15] The difference in prevalence levels may be due to different geographical factors and may be due to differences in dietary pattern.
Though 65% of the study participants were illiterate, 62% of all who were found to be hypertensive were already ware of their hypertensive status. This finding reflects the better health seeking behavior and well performing health system (both public and private) in this part of country. Proximity of the study area to the primary health center (PHC) and availability of 24 × 7 services in the PHC might have contributed toward better health seeking behavior. In the study by Kalavathy et al. [11] in Kerala, only 35% were aware of their hypertensive status.
About half of hypertensives had been diagnosed by private practitioners. This finding shows the preference toward private practitioners and that the elderly were spending money from their pocket for diagnosis and as well as treatment of hypertension. Awareness has to be created that diagnosis and treatment of hypertension are carried out routinely in the PHCs. Barriers for geriatric care at PHCs have to be identified and rectified so that more elderly would seek care for their morbidity.
About half of the hypertensives had reported "missing at least one dose of anti-hypertensive drug'. Health workers during home visits should be able to recognize the hypertensive patients and advise them to be compliant to the treatment.
The study was carried out in the community and sample was selected by a random method which adds to strengths of the study. Findings of this study cannot be generalized to state or national level since the study sample is confined to a limited geographical area but it offers an insight into the burden of the problem and puts forward the need to introduce mechanism for early diagnosis and management of hypertension in the elderly. Information regarding caffeine intake, alcohol intake, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication use, body mass index, and dyslipidemia were not collected and would have given better insight. Estimates of expenditure on treatment for hypertension and adherence to anti-hypertensive medication were based on smaller sample of individuals.
As the elderly population is likely to increase in future, and there is definite shift in the disease pattern, i.e. from communicable to non-communicable, it is high time that the health care system gears itself to growing health needs of the elderly in an optimal and comprehensive manner. Responding to the needs of the ever-increasing number of older people, the Government of India (GOI) announced the National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP) in 1999 [16] and National Policy for Senior Citizens in 2011. [17] The National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) being implemented in India would be expanded to all states. Under this programme, it is proposed that special screening of the 80+ population of villages and urban areas will be carried out recognizing the increase of NCDs in the country. [18]
| Conclusion | | |
This community-based study has showed a high prevalence of hypertension among the elderly in rural South India. Strategies should be identified to diagnose hypertension at an early stage and prevent or postpone its complications in this age group as burden of hypertension is bound to increase due to increasing life expectancy rates.
| Acknowledgment | | |
The authors are grateful to Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for awarding the Short-Term Studentship-2011 project to Bharathy Mohan (BM). The authors thank all the elderly people who participated in this study.
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